by
Maduabuchi Dukor (Ed.)
This first-ever Dictionary of African Philosophy emerges from a long-awaited intellectual journey—one grounded in the Great Debate of the 1970s–80s and validated by thinkers across and beyond the continent. Born of an international UNESCO-associated project, it answers the call for multiculturalism and the recognition of diverse epistemologies in the postmodern world, restoring balance in a global landscape where ideas must flow not only from centres to peripheries, but also the other way around.
It confronts a simple truth: Western thought stands on Egyptian foundations, and Egyptian philosophy itself grew from deeper Sub-Saharan roots. Africa has always been part of the world’s intellectual bloodstream; this volume simply makes that truth impossible to ignore.
Here, philosophy is not detached speculation but a rhythm—communal, embodied, dialogical, carried in drumbeats, in stories, in the presence of ancestors. “We are all Africa” is not metaphor but orientation: the question is not whether we are connected, but how we engage with such a connection. This book is the backstage pass to that journey.
Dictionary of African Philosophy was featured on the front cover of Brolly, Journal of Social Sciences (Vol. 5, No. 3 – December 2024).
The Foreword by Maduabuchi Dukor, General Editor, and the Afterword by Madalin Onu, Executive Editor, were published in full and are available in open access:

Professor Maduabuchi Frank Dukor, a distinguished voice among African philosophers of the 21st century, is a scholar, writer, editor, poet, and newspaper columnist, skilfully blending these diverse roles with intellectual rigor and artistic expression. With a career spanning decades, he contributed to the fields of African philosophy and logic, producing groundbreaking works such as Theistic Humanism of African Philosophy or African Philosophy in the Global Village. His extensive academic contributions include 81 journal articles, 46 anthology chapters, and many other influential scholarly materials.
Maduabuchi Frank Dukor was appointed Professor at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria, in 2006 and later served as the Head of the Department of Philosophy. He holds advanced degrees from leading institutions, including an MPhil from the University of Lagos (1989), a PhD from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (1993), and a Postgraduate Diploma in Journalism from the Nigerian Institute of Journalism (1994).
A fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Letters and member of the Aristotelian Society of Great Britain, Prof. Dukor has been columnist for major newspapers, such as The Guardian Nigeria and Champion, and editorial board member for academic journals including Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of Philosophy, Journal of Black Studies, Open Journal of Philosophy, or Global Journal of History and Culture, among others. He is also the founder and Editor-in-Chief of Essence Library (NATCOM–UNESCO recognised centre in Nigeria) and Essence: Interdisciplinary-International Journal of Concerned African Philosophers.
Recognised globally, his contributions have earned numerous awards, including the Decree of Merit for Outstanding Contribution to Philosophy from the International Biographical Centre, Cambridge. A visionary philosopher and educator, Prof. Dukor continues to inspire and shape the discourse on African philosophy and its place in global thought.
CONTRIBUTORS 17
FOREWORD 23
(Maduabuchi Dukor)
ENTRIES A–Z 37
A
Abraham, William Emmanuel (b. 1934) 39
Achebe, Chinua (1930-2013) 43
Agada, Ada (b. 1978) 48
Age Grade in Igbo Philosophy (Otu Ntorobia/Okwa Afo) 52
Agricultural Rites 54
Al-Timbukti, Ahmad Baba (1556-1627) 55
Amo, Anton Wilhelm (1703-1759) 59
Ancestors/Ancestorship 61
Anyanwu, Chukwulozie K. 63
Appiah, Kwame Anthony (b. 1954) 69
Arusha Declaration (Azimio la Arusha) 73
Asouzu, Innocent Izuchukwu (b. 1952) 75
Augustine, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus of Hippo, 354-430 CE) 79
Awolowo, Obafemi (1909-1987) 81
B
Birth 86
Blood (Ghana): Mogya (Akan), La (Ga) 87
Bodunrin, Peter Oluwambe (b. 1936) 88
Bush Spirits 93
C
Clement of Alexandria (c. 150-215) 94
Communalism (African) 96
Communication System (Aroko) in Yoruba Cosmology 99
Communion Sacrifice 103
Communitarianism (African) 105
Consciencism 108
Consensual Democracy 111
Curse 114
D
Dalfova, Albert Titus 115
Decolonisation 118
Destiny (Ghana): Nkrabea (Akan) and Shee Mu (Ga) 120
Doctor (Traditional): Dibia (Igbo) 121
Divination in Igbo Philosophy 123
Diviners 125
Dogon Philosophy 125
Dreams (Ghana): Akan and Ga experiences 130
Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt (1868-1963) 130
Dukor, Maduabuchi F. (b. 1960) 133
E
Eboh, Marie Pauline (b. 1950) 147
Edeh, Emmanuel Mathew Paul (b. 1947) 154
Egbe bere ugo bere 158
Eji-o’gbeta: Yoruba Traditional Logic 160
Elders 164
Ethics (African) 165
Ethnophilosophy 168
Evil 169
Exclusivism in African Philosophy 170
Existentialism (African) 173
Eyo (Masquerade) in Yorubaland 176
Eze, Chukwudi Emmanuel (1963-2007) 178
F
Family 182
Feminism in Theistic Humanism 183
Festivals (Homowo). Ghana: Akan and Ga experience 184
G
Gender in African Philosophy 186
Gender Stress Ontology: A Venn Diagram 187
Gods and Deities 189
Gyekye, Kwame (1939-2019) 196
H
Hallen, Barry 201
Herbalists 203
Hermeneutical School of African Philosophy 203
Hermeneutics 204
Hill and Rock Spirits 205
History (Esoteric Providential Paradigm) 206
Horton, Robin W.G. (1932-2019) 210
Hountondji, Paulin J. (1942-2024) 214
Household 217
Human Sacrifice 218
I
Identity 220
Imo (Knowledge in Yoruba Epistemology) 222
Inclusive Metaphysical Epistemology 223
Individual 224
Initiation Rites 225
J
Janz, Bruce G. 227
K
Kagame, Abbe Alexis (1912-1981) 230
Kinship 236
Kola Nut (Oji) in Igbo Metaphysics 238
L
Literary/Artistic Philosophy 239
Liyong, Taban Lo (b. 1939) 246
M
Makinde, Moses Akinola (1942-2018) 249
Man and God 252
Man, African Concept of 254
Market Days in Igboland 256
Masolo, Dismas A. (b. 1952) 257
Maurier, Henri (1921-2017) 262
Mbiti, John Samuel (1931-2019) 264
Mediums 266
Menkiti, Ifeanyi Anthony (1940-2019) 267
Metaphysics 270
Metz, Thaddeus (b. 1968) 273
Momoh, Campbell Shittu (1940-2006) 277
Mother Earth 285
Mudimbe, Valentin-Yves (b. 1941) 285
Myth 291
Mytho-Linguistics 292
N
Naming of Children 294
Nationalist-Ideological School 295
Nature Gods 296
Négritude 297
New Yam Festival 299
Ngũgĩ, wa Thiong’o (b. 1938) 300
Nkrumah, Kwame (1909-1972) 307
Nwankwo, Chimalum (b. 1950) 312
Nyerere, Julius Kambarage (1922-1999) 316
Nyerere, Julius K. and the Philosophy of Ujamaa 320
Nzegwu, Nkiru Uwechia (b. 1954) 325
O
Oaths 332
Ochieng’-Odhiambo, Frederick 333
Odinga, Oginga A.J. (1911-1994) 336
Odu Ifa – Irete Alaje, Irete Ose, Iru Ekun: A Panacea to Bad Destiny 340
Ofor (the Symbol of Truth) in Igbo Metaphysics 341
Ogboni Philosophy in Yorubaland 342
Ogirisi (Newbouldia Tree) in Igbo Metaphysics 346
Okere, Theophilus Ibegbulem (b. 1935-2020) 347
Okolo, Barnabas Chukwudum (1935-1997) 350
Oladipo, Olusegun Teju (1957-2009) 354
Oluwole, Sophie (1935-2018) 359
Omoregbe, Joseph Idemudia (b. 1942) 361
Ontology 367
Onyewuenyi, Innocent Chilaka (b. 1933) 369
Oral Tradition 372
Ori (Inner Head/Destiny) 373
Origin of Man 374
Oruka, Odera Henry (1944-1995) 377
P
Padmore, George (1903-1959) 382
Palm Tree 385
Pan-Africanism 385
Personal Names: Bgei (Ga), Kradin (Akan) 388
Personhood 389
Philosophic Sagacity 390
Possession and Trance States (Ghana: Akan and Ga Experiences) 393
Pregnancy 394
Presbey, Gail M. 396
Preter-Rational Consciousness 400
Priests 402
Proverbs 403
Punishment 404
Purification Rites 405
R
Rainmaking 407
Ramose, Mogobe Bernard 408
Reality 413
Reincarnation 413
Ruch, Ernest Albert 416
S
Sacred Animals 418
Science and Symbolism 418
Self-Reliancism 419
Senghor, Léopold Sédar (1906-2001) 421
Separation Between God and Man 424
Sign 426
Sodipo, John Olubi (1935-1999) 426
Sogolo, Godwin (b. 1946) 430
Songs 437
Soul (Ghana): Susuma’ mum (Ga), Okra and Sunsum (Akan) 437
Soyinka, Wole (b. 1934) 439
Spirit 442
Storm Gods 444
Storytelling and Recall 445
Sumner, Claude (1919-2012) 446
Sun, Moon, and Sky 450
Supreme Being 451
Symbolism and Supernaturalism 451
Symbolism in African Philosophy 454
Symbols and Cultures 456
Symbols in African Philosophy 457
T
Tempels, Placide Frans (1906-1977) 460
Temples and Altars 463
Testimony 464
Theatre in Yoruba Cosmology (Total Theatre) 465
Theistic Cosmogonic Geometry. Igbo: Akika-Nzu 468
Theistic Panpsychic and Scientific Paradigms 469
Theistic Panpsychic Animistic Universe 471
Theistic Panpsychic Humanism 472
Theodicy (African Esoteric Paradigm) 474
Time and History, African Concepts of 477
Tiv Deterministic Triad 481
Transhumanism 483
Tree Spirits 484
Truth and Opinion 485
U
Ubuntu 487
Unah, Jim Ijenwa (b. 1956) 492
Universalism in African Philosophy 498
V
Vital Force 500
W
Wamba-dia-Wamba, Ernest (1942-2020) 502
Water Gods 504
Wiredu, Kwasi (1931-2022) 506
Witch Doctor 509
Witchcraft 510
Workineh, Kelbessa (b. 1966) 511
Y
Yacob, Zera (Yaʿǝqob, Zär’a) (1599-1692) 516
Yacob, Zera: ሐተታ (Hatäta–“Inquiry”) 520
AFTERWORD 525
(Madalin Onu)
INDEX 559
Hardcover: 586 pages
Size: 15.24 x 22.86 cm
(6 x 9 in)
Published: December 2025
ISBN 978-1-9192563-1-3 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-9192563-2-0 (Paperback)
ISBN 978-1-9192563-3-7 (eBook)
ISBN 978-978-690-138-1 (Essence Library)
£ 40 + shipping




